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In pregnant women, periodontitis induces synergistic changes in their microbial profiles via the oral-gut axis, with positive correlations between oral pathogens and specific gut bacteria such as Coprococcus , alongside competitive interactions with other gut genera like Lachnoclostridium , collectively reshaping the maternal microbial ecosystem network ( Butyribacter showed positive correlations with neuroactive metabolites L-Asparagine, while these metabolites exhibited inverse correlations with expression of neuroinflammatory genes Tbx and Arhgdib, demonstrating how tooth loss-induced depletion of Butyribacter led to reduced levels of neuroprotective metabolites (particularly L-Asparagine), which subsequently resulted in upregulation of neuroinflammatory markers (Tbx1 and Arhgdib), thereby establishing a mechanistic pathway from tooth loss to neuroinflammation through the oral-gut-brain axis ( Even though these correlation values cannot directly inform the underlying mechanisms shaping the community structure or confirm the existence of interactions among microbes, the main strength of co-occurrence networks is the ability to summarize a vast array of pairwise associations into network elements (comprised of edges and nodes) and features (such as degree, closeness or betweenness centrality) to generate testable hypotheses
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