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Preclinical studies (animal or cell preparations) are cited only for mechanistic context, to probe causal links impractical or unethical to test in humans, and to nominate druggable targets relevant to the postprandial state [e.g., NADPH-oxidase (NOX)endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) coupling, Yes-associated protein/TEA domain transcription factor (YAP/TEAD) signaling, calciprotein particledriven pathways]
Its most consistently documented mechanism involves VEGFR2 activation and Akt-eNOS signaling, promoting angiogenesis in connective tissue research models (Hsieh et al., Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2017, DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y)
Because IV therapy lacks FDA approval for skin lightening, and the long-term effects remain unknown, it is crucial to weigh the effectiveness against these potential side effects
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