as of 2026, the FDA has placed injectable GHK-Cu on its Category 2 bulk drug substances list, meaning it cannot be legally compounded for injection due to immunogenicity and impurity concerns
They can also help treat B12 deficiency
The structure is as follows: [00046] Other specialty suitable alcohols are: [00047] l-[3,5-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-l,3,5-triazinan-l-yl]-2-propanol, 1,3,5-Triazine- l,3,5(2H,4H,6H)-triethanol, -methyl-, l,3,5-triazine-l,3,5(2H,4H, 6H)- triethanol, l,3,5trihydroxyethylhexahydrotraiazine, l,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro- 1,3,5-triazine, l,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine, 2,2',2"-(Hexahydro- 1,3,5- triazine-l,3,5-triyl)triethanol, 2-[4,6-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-l,3,5-triazinan-2-yl]ethanol, s- Triazine-l,3,5(2H,4H,6H)-triethanol, Triazinetriethanol
It was showed that NP4 treatment leaded to an increase in pro-inflammatory M1-type macrophages and a decrease in anti-inflammatory M2-type macrophages in mouse tumor tissues, with the proportion of M1 to M2 macrophages being 4.4 times higher compared to untreated mouse tumor tissues (Fig