In the CNS, thiamine deficiency can lead to Wernickes encephalopathy, characterized by nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, mental status changes, and unsteady stance and gait, due to apoptotic cell death in sensitive brain areas, mainly areas with high metabolic requirement, causing symmetrically distributed lesions among structures such as the third and fourth ventricles, besides dorsomedial thalamus (5, 6, 42)
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By contrast, in CT26 murine colon cancer cell line, GLP-1R agonist treatment inhibited cellular proliferation and induced apoptosis [39]
447,448,449,450 Upregulated autophagy in macrophages enhances the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-, while autophagy deficiency promotes exaggerated inflammasome activation, as demonstrated by ATG16L1 ablation increasing IL-1 and IL-18 secretion