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By contrast, M2-like TAMs create a ferroptosis-resistant niche through high ferroportin expression, heme degradation pathways (HMOX1), the generation of antioxidant glutathione, and the secretion of IL-10 and TGF- (72)

While early immune responses may aid in the clearance of A and tau aggregates, prolonged activation of microglia and astrocytes leads to chronic inflammation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-, promoting neuronal damage in vulnerable brain regions like the neocortex and hippocampus [34,35,36]

Multiple peer-reviewed publications highlight its efficacy across injury models, including muscle, tendon, and central nervous system applications