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Measuring a second messenger (e.g., cAMP or Ca 2+ ) supports pathway engagement, but proving that the pathway is causally responsible for the cellular response requires additional evidence such as receptor antagonists, pathway inhibitors, receptor knockdown or knockout, or orthogonal rescue experiments
10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00177-2 55 KrupaP.SvobodovaB.DubisovaJ.KubinovaS.JendelovaP.Machova UrdzikovaL
doi:10.1186/s12937-024-00995-5
only explanted cells responded, and a separate study found cultured tendocytes similarly unresponsive to BPC-157 alone
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