Subluxation at this joint creates a rotation to the top of the spinal cord resulting in compression and increased inflammation in the body (17)
Oil Red O staining 3T3-L1 cells were washed with PBS twice, fixed with 10% formalin at room temperature for 10 min, and stained with Oil Red O (Sigma) at 37 C for 10 min

IGF-1 LR3 vs IGF-1 DES (1-3) vs HGH (Somatropin) vs Mecasermin (Native rhIGF-1) Feature Type IGF-1 LR3 Synthetic IGF-1 analog IGF-1 DES (1-3) Truncated IGF-1 variant HGH (Somatropin) Recombinant growth hormone Mecasermin (Increlex) Recombinant native human IGF-1 Feature Amino acids IGF-1 LR3 83 IGF-1 DES (1-3) 67 HGH (Somatropin) 191 Mecasermin (Increlex) 70 (identical to endogenous IGF-1) Feature Half-life IGF-1 LR3 20-30 hours IGF-1 DES (1-3) ~20-30 minutes HGH (Somatropin) 2-3 hours Mecasermin (Increlex) ~5.8 hours Feature Receptor potency IGF-1 LR3 ~3x native IGF-1 IGF-1 DES (1-3) ~10x native IGF-1 (locally) HGH (Somatropin) Indirect (drives endogenous IGF-1) Mecasermin (Increlex) 1x (it is native IGF-1) Feature Action IGF-1 LR3 Systemic, long-acting IGF-1 DES (1-3) Localized, rapid HGH (Somatropin) Systemic upstream cascade Mecasermin (Increlex) Systemic, replacement therapy Feature Dosing frequency IGF-1 LR3 Once daily IGF-1 DES (1-3) 2-3x daily HGH (Somatropin) 1-2x daily Mecasermin (Increlex) Twice daily SubQ Feature Common dose context IGF-1 LR3 20-100 mcg/day (research) IGF-1 DES (1-3) 50-150 mcg/day split (research) HGH (Somatropin) 2-8 IU/day (research) Mecasermin (Increlex) 0.04-0.12 mg/kg twice daily (clinical) Feature IGFBP binding IGF-1 LR3 Very low IGF-1 DES (1-3) Very low HGH (Somatropin) N/A (acts upstream) Mecasermin (Increlex) Normal (full IGFBP affinity) Feature FDA status IGF-1 LR3 Not approved IGF-1 DES (1-3) Not approved HGH (Somatropin) FDA-approved (multiple indications) Mecasermin (Increlex) FDA-approved (pediatric severe primary IGFD) Feature WADA status IGF-1 LR3 Prohibited IGF-1 DES (1-3) Prohibited HGH (Somatropin) Prohibited Mecasermin (Increlex) Prohibited Feature Practical note IGF-1 LR3 Long-acting IGF-1 analog with the most accumulated community data IGF-1 DES (1-3) Localized, rapid signaling

Numerous researchers have identified the co-existence and symbiotic relationship between LAB and yeasts in fermented food such as sourdough (Sieuwerts et al., 2018), soy sauce (Feng et al., 2023), wine (Kang et al., 2024) and cheese (Melkonian et al., 2023)