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(4) Furthermore, the oxidative stress imbalance, caused by excessive ROS production, impairs the antioxidant defense system by directly damaging antioxidant enzymes (such as SOD and GPx) and depleting key antioxidant molecules like glutathione, leading to fragmentation of hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix and abnormal collagen cross-linking, thereby reducing the mechanical properties of cartilage ( The gut-joint axis: microbial dysbiosis and OA Emerging evidence firmly establishes a link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and OA progression, primarily mediated by microbial metabolites via the gut-joint axis. The core protective mechanism involves short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate and propionate, produced from dietary fiber fermentation by commensals such as Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
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When glutathione levels drop, the body struggles to regulate oxidative stress, leading to chronic inflammation , which has been linked to asthma, eczema, and other allergic conditions
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