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Among them, the glutamate produced by the decomposition of glutamine via GLS not only provides the raw material for the synthesis of GSH but is also further metabolized into -ketoglutarate (-KG) in the mitochondria under the action of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1) or transaminases and then enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle to produce ATP [29]
Although traditionally considered to have limited efficacy in patients with diabetes, recent studies indicate that, when acting synergistically with GLP-1, GIP enhances insulinotropic effects and improves overall metabolic homeostasis (20, 21)
Autophagy in Tenebrio molitor immunity: Conserved antimicrobial functions in insect defenses
