Dozens of FDA-approved estrogen, progesterone, and combination products exist in various strengths and delivery systems
Healthy Aging and Longevity Aging is, in many ways, the accumulation of cellular damage over time
This work was funded by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, RS-2025-02218354, Sun-Ki Kim, Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology, RS-2025-02307907, Sun-Ki Kim, Chung-Ang University, Graduate Research Scholarship (Academic Scholarship for the College of Biotechnology, Sang-Hun Do, Natural Resources) in 2024, Sang-Hun Do
3 Mechanisms of action of natural supplements against breast cancer 3.1 Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways The chronic inflammatory microenvironment in the breast activates nuclear factor-B (NF-B), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), signalling transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3), activator protein-1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling cascades