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So people at greatest risk for deficiency include those with low stomach acid (e.g., older adults and people on proton pump inhibitors or antacids) or low IF production (known as pernicious anemia), people on medications that interfere with B12 absorption (such as metformin), people who have had gastric surgery, those with GI conditions that impair nutrient absorption (like celiac or Crohn's disease), and people on vegan and vegetarian diets
Reputable suppliers provide access to Certificates of Analysis (COA) or High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) test reports for their core compounds
Progress photos in consistent lighting and posture, taken every 2-4 weeks, reveal changes that gradual daily observation misses
Understanding HPLC (Purity) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography measures how pure the sample is
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