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Methylcobalamin: a potential vitamin of pain killer

The authors laboratory is supported by the European Research Council (STEMBAR to S.J.), the Swiss National Science Foundation (BSCGI0_157859 and 310030_196869 to S.J.), the Novartis Foundation (to A.D.-L

It is abundant in natural sperm cells and plasma.1 GSH is important in the modulation of intracellular ROS both in terms of protecting the cell against the harmful effects of oxidative stress and facilitating the intracellular signal transmission of ROS.8 GSH participates in many metabolic processes, such as biosynthesis of leukotriene and prostaglandins.9 The gangliosides that cover the outer surface of all mammalian cell membranes, including spermatozoa, are glycosphingolipids and contain Sias in their structure.10 Sialic acid are a subset of nine-carbonalpha-ketoaldonic acids that are involved in various biological functions.11 Sperm is covered with a thick (70nm) layer of glycocalyx rich in sialic acid.12 Even a slight change in the amount of glycocalyx has a major effect on sperm fertility.13 The maturity and integrity of the sperm glycocalyx, which plays an important role in sperm protection, is closely related to fertilization.14 Mammalian cells have a wide variety of sialic acid types.15 There are over 50 different forms of Sias in nature, but the two most common sialic acid found in mammals are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and Nglycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc).16 The presence of sialic acid in human semen has a particular importance