[31] [32] [33] At a recommended maximum daily dose for an adult of three to four grams, [26] [34] paracetamol is safe and effective in the short term when used as directed, [35] with uncommon adverse effects similar to those of ibuprofen
Large-scale human studies have not identified a clear dose-response relationship or consistent temporal pattern that would support a direct causal link
Toft-Nielsen MB, Damholt MB, Madsbad S, Hilsted LM, Hughes TE, Michelsen BK, et al
Spermatozoa are susceptible to oxidative stress due to a lack of their own cellular cytoplasmic antioxidants, high DNA susceptibility to oxidative damage, the presence of abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in their membrane, and high ROS production during their movements, generated by mitochondrial activity (18, 85, 89, 118)