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Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, was selected as an active-comparator placebo proxy because it was recommended in clinical guidelines as a second-line glucose-lowering therapy, had a similar high cost to the study drugs, showed no effect on cardiovascular outcomes in a large randomized controlled trial and has been validated as a placebo proxy in prior claims-based research 20,41

In response to elevated ROS, melanocytes display reduced repair and antioxidative capacities through dysfunction of Nrf2-based pathways, diminishing their defense against oxidative damage 56

Herein, these two states are distinguished with the terms type 1 obesity and type 2 obesity: type 1 obesity describes a subset of obese individuals with low endogenous plasma leptin levels who respond to leptin therapy, whereas type 2 obesity describes most obese individuals, who are leptin resistant but might respond to leptin therapy in combination with other drugs, such as leptin sensitizers

PLoS ONE 10 , e0141921 (2015)